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Most omnivores (those who eat animal and vegetable foods) get a gram or two of creatine from their meals each day. Adding a few grams as a supplement, however, has been found to increase levels of phosphocreatine, a chemical "super battery" within muscle cells. In fact, when creatine is taken as a supplement for a few weeks, muscle fibers can end up with 4-6% more phosphocreatine, which can boost performance significantly during sets of intense exercise. Most bodybuilders can squeeze out an extra rep or two per 10-bench-press set after they have supplemented with creatine for a couple of weeks. It helps them get a more intense muscle stimulus and anabolic effect.
Studies are surprisingly mixed when it comes to whether creatine benefits athletes in such sports as Olympic weightlifting and powerlifting (or, presumably, caber tossing if you're a Scot), which require max effort on ultrabrief lifts; some studies say it helps, some say it doesn't. Nonetheless, these are short-term studies, and many powerlifters and weightlifters find that creatine is excellent at improving strength. In general, creatine is best for enhancing "strength endurance" during movements lasting between several seconds and two minutes; i.e., intermittent sets of brief high-intensity exercise like that done during a bodybuilding workout. Based on the latest research, here are some of the primary advantages of creatine supplementation.
For bodybuilders, one of the most useful benefits of creatine is its cell-volumizing effect -- its ability to cause muscle cells to swell by taking up more water. This gain isn't like bloat from eating too much salty food (water retention under the skin). Rather, the extra water is carried inside muscle cells, increasing muscle size. In fact, creatine can boost the cross-sectional diameter of your muscle fibers by as much as 15%, with an overall gain of about two to four pounds of fat-free bodyweight in as little as six days, depending on how much you take. Because it's water, the rate of gain inevitably levels off. A loss of muscle and body water often occurs once individuals stop taking creatine for a week or more if they've been using high doses.
Some scientists believe that the extra water inside cells could also promote an increase in muscle protein synthesis and therefore cause gains in muscle tissue that are solid protein, not water. This may happen in the absence of training or in addition to it. Apparently, when creatine swells muscle fibers, enzymes are switched on that trigger muscle protein synthesis. Creatine may also boost muscle mass by improving the uptake of carbohydrate into muscle and increasing glycogen, the primary energy source for bodybuilding exercises.
Creatine also appears to increase the activity of muscle helper cells called satellite cells. These live side by side with muscle cells, helping to repair them when they're damaged and helping them grow bigger and stronger after bodybuilding exercise. Because creatine stimulates satellite-cell activity in rats and very likely in humans as well, it may cause lasting improvements in muscle protein mass in addition to the water gain.
